ssh

SSH(1) General Commands Manual SSH(1)

NAME

   ssh  OpenSSH remote login client

SYNOPSIS

   ssh  [-46AaCfGgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy]  [-B  bind_interface]  [-b  bind_address]  [-c  cipher_spec]  [-D  [bind_address:]port]  [-E  log_file]  [-e  escape_char]  [-F configfile] [-I pkcs11]
       [-i identity_file] [-J destination] [-L address] [-l login_name] [-m  mac_spec]  [-O  ctl_cmd]  [-o  option]  [-P  tag]  [-p  port]  [-R  address]  [-S  ctl_path]  [-W  host:port]
       [-w local_tun[:remote_tun]] destination [command [argument ...]]
   ssh [-Q query_option]

DESCRIPTION

   ssh  (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine.  It is intended to provide secure encrypted communications between two
   untrusted hosts over an insecure network.  X11 connections, arbitrary TCP ports and Unix-domain sockets can also be forwarded over the secure channel.

   ssh connects and logs into the specified destination, which may be specified as either [user@]hostname or a URI of the form ssh://[user@]hostname[:port].  The user  must  prove  their
   identity to the remote machine using one of several methods (see below).

   If  a command is specified, it will be executed on the remote host instead of a login shell.  A complete command line may be specified as command, or it may have additional arguments.
   If supplied, the arguments will be appended to the command, separated by spaces, before it is sent to the server to be executed.

   The options are as follows:

   -4      Forces ssh to use IPv4 addresses only.

   -6      Forces ssh to use IPv6 addresses only.

   -A      Enables forwarding of connections from an authentication agent such as ssh-agent(1).  This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file.

           Agent forwarding should be enabled with caution.  Users with the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host (for the agent's Unix-domain socket) can access the  lo‐
           cal agent through the forwarded connection.  An attacker cannot obtain key material from the agent, however they can perform operations on the keys that enable them to authen‐
           ticate using the identities loaded into the agent.  A safer alternative may be to use a jump host (see -J).

   -a      Disables forwarding of the authentication agent connection.

   -B bind_interface
           Bind to the address of bind_interface before attempting to connect to the destination host.  This is only useful on systems with more than one address.

   -b bind_address
           Use bind_address on the local machine as the source address of the connection.  Only useful on systems with more than one address.

   -C      Requests compression of all data (including stdin, stdout, stderr, and data for forwarded X11, TCP and Unix-domain connections).  The compression algorithm is the same used by
           gzip(1).   Compression is desirable on modem lines and other slow connections, but will only slow down things on fast networks.  The default value can be set on a host-by-host
           basis in the configuration files; see the Compression option in ssh_config(5).

   -c cipher_spec
           Selects the cipher specification for encrypting the session.  cipher_spec is a comma-separated list of ciphers listed in order of  preference.   See  the  Ciphers  keyword  in
           ssh_config(5) for more information.

   -D [bind_address:]port
           Specifies  a  local  “dynamic”  application-level  port  forwarding.   This works by allocating a socket to listen to port on the local side, optionally bound to the specified
           bind_address.  Whenever a connection is made to this port, the connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and the application protocol is then used to determine where to
           connect to from the remote machine.  Currently the SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 protocols are supported, and ssh will act as a SOCKS server.  Only root can forward privileged ports.  Dy‐
           namic port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.

           IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.  Only the superuser can forward privileged ports.  By default, the local port is bound  in  accor‐
           dance  with  the  GatewayPorts setting.  However, an explicit bind_address may be used to bind the connection to a specific address.  The bind_address of “localhost” indicates
           that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an empty address or ‘*’ indicates that the port should be available from all interfaces.

   -E log_file
           Append debug logs to log_file instead of standard error.

   -e escape_char
           Sets the escape character for sessions with a pty (default: ‘~’).  The escape character is only recognized at the beginning of a line.  The escape character followed by a  dot
           (‘.’)  closes  the connection; followed by control-Z suspends the connection; and followed by itself sends the escape character once.  Setting the character to “none” disables
           any escapes and makes the session fully transparent.

   -F configfile
           Specifies an alternative per-user configuration file.  If a configuration file is given on the command line, the system-wide configuration file (/etc/ssh/ssh_config)  will  be
           ignored.  The default for the per-user configuration file is ~/.ssh/config.  If set to “none”, no configuration files will be read.

   -f      Requests  ssh  to go to background just before command execution.  This is useful if ssh is going to ask for passwords or passphrases, but the user wants it in the background.
           This implies -n.  The recommended way to start X11 programs at a remote site is with something like ssh -f host xterm.

           If the ExitOnForwardFailure configuration option is set to “yes”, then a client started with -f will wait for all remote port forwards to be  successfully  established  before
           placing itself in the background.  Refer to the description of ForkAfterAuthentication in ssh_config(5) for details.

   -G      Causes ssh to print its configuration after evaluating Host and Match blocks and exit.

   -g      Allows remote hosts to connect to local forwarded ports.  If used on a multiplexed connection, then this option must be specified on the master process.

   -I pkcs11
           Specify the PKCS#11 shared library ssh should use to communicate with a PKCS#11 token providing keys for user authentication.

   -i identity_file
           Selects  a  file from which the identity (private key) for public key authentication is read.  You can also specify a public key file to use the corresponding private key that
           is loaded in ssh-agent(1) when the private key file is not  present  locally.   The  default  is  ~/.ssh/id_rsa,  ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa,  ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk,  ~/.ssh/id_ed25519  and
           ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk.  Identity files may also be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file.  It is possible to have multiple -i options (and multiple identities
           specified  in configuration files).  If no certificates have been explicitly specified by the CertificateFile directive, ssh will also try to load certificate information from
           the filename obtained by appending -cert.pub to identity filenames.

   -J destination
           Connect to the target host by first making an ssh connection to the jump host described by destination and then establishing a TCP forwarding to the ultimate destination  from
           there.  Multiple jump hops may be specified separated by comma characters.  IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.  This is a shortcut to
           specify  a  ProxyJump  configuration  directive.  Note that configuration directives supplied on the command-line generally apply to the destination host and not any specified
           jump hosts.  Use ~/.ssh/config to specify configuration for jump hosts.

   -K      Enables GSSAPI-based authentication and forwarding (delegation) of GSSAPI credentials to the server.

   -k      Disables forwarding (delegation) of GSSAPI credentials to the server.

   -L [bind_address:]port:host:hostport
   -L [bind_address:]port:remote_socket
   -L local_socket:host:hostport
   -L local_socket:remote_socket
           Specifies that connections to the given TCP port or Unix socket on the local (client) host are to be forwarded to the given host and port, or Unix socket, on the remote  side.
           This works by allocating a socket to listen to either a TCP port on the local side, optionally bound to the specified bind_address, or to a Unix socket.  Whenever a connection
           is  made  to  the  local  port  or  socket,  the  connection  is  forwarded  over the secure channel, and a connection is made to either host port hostport, or the Unix socket
           remote_socket, from the remote machine.

           Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.  Only the superuser can forward privileged ports.  IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing  the  address
           in square brackets.

           By  default,  the local port is bound in accordance with the GatewayPorts setting.  However, an explicit bind_address may be used to bind the connection to a specific address.
           The bind_address of “localhost” indicates that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an empty address or ‘*’ indicates that the port should be  available  from
           all interfaces.

   -l login_name
           Specifies the user to log in as on the remote machine.  This also may be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file.

   -M      Places  the ssh client into “master” mode for connection sharing.  Multiple -M options places ssh into “master” mode but with confirmation required using ssh-askpass(1) before
           each operation that changes the multiplexing state (e.g. opening a new session).  Refer to the description of ControlMaster in ssh_config(5) for details.

   -m mac_spec
           A comma-separated list of MAC (message authentication code) algorithms, specified in order of preference.  See the MACs keyword in ssh_config(5) for more information.

   -N      Do not execute a remote command.  This is useful for just forwarding ports.  Refer to the description of SessionType in ssh_config(5) for details.

   -n      Redirects stdin from /dev/null (actually, prevents reading from stdin).  This must be used when ssh is run in the background.  A common trick is to use this to  run  X11  pro‐
           grams on a remote machine.  For example, ssh -n shadows.cs.hut.fi emacs & will start an emacs on shadows.cs.hut.fi, and the X11 connection will be automatically forwarded over
           an encrypted channel.  The ssh program will be put in the background.  (This does not work if ssh needs to ask for a password or passphrase; see also the -f option.)  Refer to
           the description of StdinNull in ssh_config(5) for details.

   -O ctl_cmd
           Control  an  active connection multiplexing master process.  When the -O option is specified, the ctl_cmd argument is interpreted and passed to the master process.  Valid com‐
           mands are: “check” (check that the master process is running), “forward” (request forwardings without command execution), “cancel” (cancel forwardings), “proxy” (connect to  a
           running multiplexing master in proxy mode), “exit” (request the master to exit), and “stop” (request the master to stop accepting further multiplexing requests).

   -o option
           Can  be  used  to give options in the format used in the configuration file.  This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate command-line flag.  For full
           details of the options listed below, and their possible values, see ssh_config(5).

                 AddKeysToAgent
                 AddressFamily
                 BatchMode
                 BindAddress
                 BindInterface
                 CASignatureAlgorithms
                 CanonicalDomains
                 CanonicalizeFallbackLocal
                 CanonicalizeHostname
                 CanonicalizeMaxDots
                 CanonicalizePermittedCNAMEs
                 CertificateFile
                 ChannelTimeout
                 CheckHostIP
                 Ciphers
                 ClearAllForwardings
                 Compression
                 ConnectTimeout
                 ConnectionAttempts
                 ControlMaster
                 ControlPath
                 ControlPersist
                 DynamicForward
                 EnableEscapeCommandline
                 EnableSSHKeysign
                 EscapeChar
                 ExitOnForwardFailure
                 FingerprintHash
                 ForkAfterAuthentication
                 ForwardAgent
                 ForwardX11
                 ForwardX11Timeout
                 ForwardX11Trusted
                 GSSAPIAuthentication
                 GSSAPIKeyExchange
                 GSSAPIClientIdentity
                 GSSAPIDelegateCredentials
                 GSSAPIKexAlgorithms
                 GSSAPIRenewalForcesRekey
                 GSSAPIServerIdentity
                 GSSAPITrustDns
                 GatewayPorts
                 GlobalKnownHostsFile
                 HashKnownHosts
                 Host
                 HostKeyAlgorithms
                 HostKeyAlias
                 HostbasedAcceptedAlgorithms
                 HostbasedAuthentication
                 Hostname
                 IPQoS
                 IdentitiesOnly
                 IdentityAgent
                 IdentityFile
                 IgnoreUnknown
                 Include
                 KbdInteractiveAuthentication
                 KbdInteractiveDevices
                 KexAlgorithms
                 KnownHostsCommand
                 LocalCommand
                 LocalForward
                 LogLevel
                 LogVerbose
                 MACs
                 NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost
                 NumberOfPasswordPrompts
                 ObscureKeystrokeTiming
                 PKCS11Provider
                 PasswordAuthentication
                 PermitLocalCommand
                 PermitRemoteOpen
                 Port
                 PreferredAuthentications
                 ProxyCommand
                 ProxyJump
                 ProxyUseFdpass
                 PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms
                 PubkeyAuthentication
                 RekeyLimit
                 RemoteCommand
                 RemoteForward
                 RequestTTY
                 RequiredRSASize
                 RevokedHostKeys
                 SecurityKeyProvider
                 SendEnv
                 ServerAliveCountMax
                 ServerAliveInterval
                 SessionType
                 SetEnv
                 StdinNull
                 StreamLocalBindMask
                 StreamLocalBindUnlink
                 StrictHostKeyChecking
                 SyslogFacility
                 TCPKeepAlive
                 Tag
                 Tunnel
                 TunnelDevice
                 UpdateHostKeys
                 User
                 UserKnownHostsFile
                 VerifyHostKeyDNS
                 VisualHostKey
                 XAuthLocation

   -P tag  Specify a tag name that may be used to select configuration in ssh_config(5).  Refer to the Tag and Match keywords in ssh_config(5) for more information.
   -p port
           Port to connect to on the remote host.  This can be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file.

   -Q query_option
           Queries for the algorithms supported by one of the following features: cipher (supported symmetric ciphers), cipher-auth (supported symmetric ciphers  that  support  authenti‐
           cated  encryption), help (supported query terms for use with the -Q flag), mac (supported message integrity codes), kex (key exchange algorithms), kex-gss (GSSAPI key exchange
           algorithms), key (key types), key-ca-sign (valid CA signature algorithms for certificates), key-cert (certificate key types), key-plain (non-certificate  key  types),  key-sig
           (all  key  types  and  signature  algorithms),  protocol-version  (supported SSH protocol versions), and sig (supported signature algorithms).  Alternatively, any keyword from
           ssh_config(5) or sshd_config(5) that takes an algorithm list may be used as an alias for the corresponding query_option.

   -q      Quiet mode.  Causes most warning and diagnostic messages to be suppressed.

   -R [bind_address:]port:host:hostport
   -R [bind_address:]port:local_socket
   -R remote_socket:host:hostport
   -R remote_socket:local_socket
   -R [bind_address:]port
           Specifies that connections to the given TCP port or Unix socket on the remote (server) host are to be forwarded to the local side.

           This works by allocating a socket to listen to either a TCP port or to a Unix socket on the remote side.  Whenever a connection is made to this port or Unix socket,  the  con‐
           nection  is  forwarded  over  the  secure  channel,  and  a  connection  is  made  from the local machine to either an explicit destination specified by host port hostport, or
           local_socket, or, if no explicit destination was specified, ssh will act as a SOCKS 4/5 proxy and forward connections to the destinations requested by the remote SOCKS client.

           Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.  Privileged ports can be forwarded only when logging in as root on the remote machine.  IPv6 addresses can be
           specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.

           By default, TCP listening sockets on the server will be bound to the loopback interface only.  This may be overridden by specifying a bind_address.  An empty bind_address,  or
           the  address  ‘*’, indicates that the remote socket should listen on all interfaces.  Specifying a remote bind_address will only succeed if the server's GatewayPorts option is
           enabled (see sshd_config(5)).

           If the port argument is 0, the listen port will be dynamically allocated on the server and reported to the client at run time.  When used together with -O forward, the allo
           cated port will be printed to the standard output.

   -S ctl_path
           Specifies the location of a control socket for connection sharing, or the string  none  to  disable  connection  sharing.   Refer  to  the  description  of  ControlPath  and
           ControlMaster in ssh_config(5) for details.

   -s      May  be used to request invocation of a subsystem on the remote system.  Subsystems facilitate the use of SSH as a secure transport for other applications (e.g. sftp(1)).  The
           subsystem is specified as the remote command.  Refer to the description of SessionType in ssh_config(5) for details.

   -T      Disable pseudo-terminal allocation.

   -t      Force pseudo-terminal allocation.  This can be used to execute arbitrary screen-based programs on a remote machine, which can be very useful, e.g. when implementing menu  ser
           vices.  Multiple -t options force tty allocation, even if ssh has no local tty.

   -V      Display the version number and exit.

   -v      Verbose  mode.   Causes  ssh to print debugging messages about its progress.  This is helpful in debugging connection, authentication, and configuration problems.  Multiple -v
           options increase the verbosity.  The maximum is 3.

   -W host:port
           Requests that standard input and output on the client be forwarded to host on port over the secure channel.  Implies  -N,  -T,  ExitOnForwardFailure  and  ClearAllForwardings,
           though these can be overridden in the configuration file or using -o command line options.

   -w local_tun[:remote_tun]
           Requests tunnel device forwarding with the specified tun(4) devices between the client (local_tun) and the server (remote_tun).

           The  devices  may  be  specified by numerical ID or the keyword any, which uses the next available tunnel device.  If remote_tun is not specified, it defaults to any.  See
           also the Tunnel and TunnelDevice directives in ssh_config(5).

           If the Tunnel directive is unset, it will be set to the default tunnel mode, which is point-to-point.  If a different Tunnel forwarding mode it desired, then  it  should  be
           specified before -w.

   -X      Enables X11 forwarding.  This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file.

           X11  forwarding  should be enabled with caution.  Users with the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host (for the user's X authorization database) can access the
           local X11 display through the forwarded connection.  An attacker may then be able to perform activities such as keystroke monitoring.

           For this reason, X11 forwarding is subjected to X11 SECURITY extension restrictions  by  default.   Refer  to  the  ssh  -Y  option  and  the  ForwardX11Trusted  directive  in
           ssh_config(5) for more information.

           (Debian-specific:  X11  forwarding  is  not  subjected  to  X11  SECURITY  extension  restrictions by default, because too many programs currently crash in this mode.  Set the
           ForwardX11Trusted option to no to restore the upstream behaviour.  This may change in future depending on client-side improvements.)

   -x      Disables X11 forwarding.

   -Y      Enables trusted X11 forwarding.  Trusted X11 forwardings are not subjected to the X11 SECURITY extension controls.

           (Debian-specific: In the default configuration, this option is equivalent to -X, since ForwardX11Trusted defaults to yes as described above.  Set the  ForwardX11Trusted  op
           tion to no to restore the upstream behaviour.  This may change in future depending on client-side improvements.)

   -y      Send log information using the syslog(3) system module.  By default this information is sent to stderr.

   ssh  may  additionally  obtain  configuration data from a per-user configuration file and a system-wide configuration file.  The file format and configuration options are described in
   ssh_config(5).

AUTHENTICATION

   The OpenSSH SSH client supports SSH protocol 2.

   The methods available for authentication are: GSSAPI-based authentication, host-based authentication, public key authentication, keyboard-interactive authentication, and password  au
   thentication.  Authentication methods are tried in the order specified above, though PreferredAuthentications can be used to change the default order.

   Host-based authentication works as follows: If the machine the user logs in from is listed in /etc/hosts.equiv or /etc/ssh/shosts.equiv on the remote machine, the user is non-root and
   the  user  names  are the same on both sides, or if the files ~/.rhosts or ~/.shosts exist in the user's home directory on the remote machine and contain a line containing the name of
   the client machine and the name of the user on that machine, the user is considered for login.  Additionally, the server must be able to verify the client's host key (see the descrip
   tion of /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts and ~/.ssh/known_hosts, below) for login to be permitted.  This authentication method closes security holes due to  IP  spoofing,  DNS  spoofing,  and
   routing  spoofing.   [Note to the administrator: /etc/hosts.equiv, ~/.rhosts, and the rlogin/rsh protocol in general, are inherently insecure and should be disabled if security is de
   sired.]

   Public key authentication works as follows: The scheme is based on public-key cryptography, using cryptosystems where encryption and decryption are done using separate keys, and it is
   unfeasible to derive the decryption key from the encryption key.  The idea is that each user creates a public/private key pair for authentication purposes.  The server knows the  pub
   lic key, and only the user knows the private key.  ssh implements public key authentication protocol automatically, using one of the ECDSA, Ed25519 or RSA algorithms.

   The  file  ~/.ssh/authorized_keys lists the public keys that are permitted for logging in.  When the user logs in, the ssh program tells the server which key pair it would like to use
   for authentication.  The client proves that it has access to the private key and the server checks that the corresponding public key is authorized to accept the account.

   The server may inform the client of errors that prevented public key authentication from succeeding after authentication completes using a different method.  These may  be  viewed  by
   increasing the LogLevel to DEBUG or higher (e.g. by using the -v flag).

   The  user  creates their key pair by running ssh-keygen(1).  This stores the private key in ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa (ECDSA), ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk (authenticator-hosted ECDSA), ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
   (Ed25519), ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk (authenticator-hosted Ed25519), or ~/.ssh/id_rsa (RSA) and stores the public key in ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub (ECDSA), ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk.pub (authenticator-
   hosted ECDSA), ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub (Ed25519), ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk.pub (authenticator-hosted Ed25519), or ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub (RSA) in the user's home directory.  The user should then
   copy the public key to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys in their home directory on the remote machine.  The authorized_keys file corresponds to the conventional ~/.rhosts file, and has one  key
   per line, though the lines can be very long.  After this, the user can log in without giving the password.

   A  variation  on public key authentication is available in the form of certificate authentication: instead of a set of public/private keys, signed certificates are used.  This has the
   advantage that a single trusted certification authority can be used in place of many public/private keys.  See the CERTIFICATES section of ssh-keygen(1) for more information.

   The most convenient way to use public key or certificate authentication may be with an authentication agent.   See  ssh-agent(1)  and  (optionally)  the  AddKeysToAgent  directive  in
   ssh_config(5) for more information.

   Keyboard-interactive  authentication works as follows: The server sends an arbitrary "challenge" text and prompts for a response, possibly multiple times.  Examples of keyboard-inter‐
   active authentication include BSD Authentication (see login.conf(5)) and PAM (some non-OpenBSD systems).

   Finally, if other authentication methods fail, ssh prompts the user for a password.  The password is sent to the remote host for checking; however, since all  communications  are  en‐
   crypted, the password cannot be seen by someone listening on the network.

   ssh  automatically  maintains  and checks a database containing identification for all hosts it has ever been used with.  Host keys are stored in ~/.ssh/known_hosts in the user's home
   directory.  Additionally, the file /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts is automatically checked for known hosts.  Any new hosts are automatically added to the user's file.  If a host's identifi
   cation ever changes, ssh warns about this and disables password authentication to prevent server spoofing or man-in-the-middle attacks, which could otherwise be used to circumvent the
   encryption.  The StrictHostKeyChecking option can be used to control logins to machines whose host key is not known or has changed.

   When the user's identity has been accepted by the server, the server either executes the given command in a non-interactive session or, if no command has been specified, logs into the
   machine and gives the user a normal shell as an interactive session.  All communication with the remote command or shell will be automatically encrypted.

   If an interactive session is requested, ssh by default will only request a pseudo-terminal (pty) for interactive sessions when the client has one.  The flags -T and -t can be used  to
   override this behaviour.

   If a pseudo-terminal has been allocated, the user may use the escape characters noted below.

   If  no  pseudo-terminal  has been allocated, the session is transparent and can be used to reliably transfer binary data.  On most systems, setting the escape character to none will
   also make the session transparent even if a tty is used.

   The session terminates when the command or shell on the remote machine exits and all X11 and TCP connections have been closed.

ESCAPE CHARACTERS

   When a pseudo-terminal has been requested, ssh supports a number of functions through the use of an escape character.

   A single tilde character can be sent as ~~ or by following the tilde by a character other than those described below.  The escape character must always follow a newline to  be  inter
   preted as special.  The escape character can be changed in configuration files using the EscapeChar configuration directive or on the command line by the -e option.

   The supported escapes (assuming the default ~) are:

   ~.      Disconnect.

   ~^Z     Background ssh.

   ~#      List forwarded connections.

   ~&      Background ssh at logout when waiting for forwarded connection / X11 sessions to terminate.

   ~?      Display a list of escape characters.

   ~B      Send a BREAK to the remote system (only useful if the peer supports it).

   ~C      Open  command line.  Currently this allows the addition of port forwardings using the -L, -R and -D options (see above).  It also allows the cancellation of existing port-for
           wardings with -KL[bind_address:]port for local, -KR[bind_address:]port for remote and -KD[bind_address:]port for dynamic port-forwardings.  !command allows the user to execute
           a local command if the PermitLocalCommand option is enabled in ssh_config(5).  Basic help is available, using the -h option.

   ~R      Request rekeying of the connection (only useful if the peer supports it).

   ~V      Decrease the verbosity (LogLevel) when errors are being written to stderr.

   ~v      Increase the verbosity (LogLevel) when errors are being written to stderr.

TCP FORWARDING

   Forwarding of arbitrary TCP connections over a secure channel can be specified either on the command line or in a configuration file.  One possible application of TCP forwarding is  a
   secure connection to a mail server; another is going through firewalls.

   In  the  example below, we look at encrypting communication for an IRC client, even though the IRC server it connects to does not directly support encrypted communication.  This works
   as follows: the user connects to the remote host using ssh, specifying the ports to be used to forward the connection.  After that it is possible to start the program locally, and ssh
   will encrypt and forward the connection to the remote server.

   The following example tunnels an IRC session from the client to an IRC server at server.example.com, joining channel #users”, nickname “pinky”, using the standard IRC port, 6667:

       $ ssh -f -L 6667:localhost:6667 server.example.com sleep 10
       $ irc -c '#users' pinky IRC/127.0.0.1

   The -f option backgrounds ssh and the remote command sleep 10 is specified to allow an amount of time (10 seconds, in the example) to start the program which is  going  to  use  the
   tunnel.  If no connections are made within the time specified, ssh will exit.

X11 FORWARDING

   If  the  ForwardX11 variable is set to yes (or see the description of the -X, -x, and -Y options above) and the user is using X11 (the DISPLAY environment variable is set), the con
   nection to the X11 display is automatically forwarded to the remote side in such a way that any X11 programs started from the shell (or command) will go through the encrypted channel,
   and the connection to the real X server will be made from the local machine.  The user should not manually set DISPLAY.  Forwarding of X11 connections can be configured on the command
   line or in configuration files.

   The DISPLAY value set by ssh will point to the server machine, but with a display number greater than zero.  This is normal, and happens because ssh creates a proxy X server on  the
   server machine for forwarding the connections over the encrypted channel.

   ssh  will also automatically set up Xauthority data on the server machine.  For this purpose, it will generate a random authorization cookie, store it in Xauthority on the server, and
   verify that any forwarded connections carry this cookie and replace it by the real cookie when the connection is opened.  The real authentication cookie is never sent  to  the  server
   machine (and no cookies are sent in the plain).

   If  the ForwardAgent variable is set to yes (or see the description of the -A and -a options above) and the user is using an authentication agent, the connection to the agent is au
   tomatically forwarded to the remote side.

VERIFYING HOST KEYS

   When connecting to a server for the first time, a fingerprint of the server's public key is presented to the user (unless the option StrictHostKeyChecking has been disabled).  Finger
   prints can be determined using ssh-keygen(1):

         $ ssh-keygen -l -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key

   If the fingerprint is already known, it can be matched and the key can be accepted or rejected.  If only legacy (MD5) fingerprints for the server are available, the  ssh-keygen(1)  -E
   option may be used to downgrade the fingerprint algorithm to match.

   Because  of  the  difficulty  of  comparing  host  keys  just by looking at fingerprint strings, there is also support to compare host keys visually, using random art.  By setting the
   VisualHostKey option to yes, a small ASCII graphic gets displayed on every login to a server, no matter if the session itself is interactive or not.  By learning the pattern a known
   server produces, a user can easily find out that the host key has changed when a completely different pattern is displayed.  Because these patterns are not unambiguous however, a pat
   tern that looks similar to the pattern remembered only gives a good probability that the host key is the same, not guaranteed proof.

   To get a listing of the fingerprints along with their random art for all known hosts, the following command line can be used:

         $ ssh-keygen -lv -f ~/.ssh/known_hosts

   If the fingerprint is unknown, an alternative method of verification is available: SSH fingerprints verified by DNS.  An additional resource record (RR), SSHFP, is added to a zonefile
   and the connecting client is able to match the fingerprint with that of the key presented.

   In this example, we are connecting a client to a server, host.example.com.  The SSHFP resource records should first be added to the zonefile for host.example.com:

         $ ssh-keygen -r host.example.com.

   The output lines will have to be added to the zonefile.  To check that the zone is answering fingerprint queries:

         $ dig -t SSHFP host.example.com

   Finally the client connects:

         $ ssh -o "VerifyHostKeyDNS ask" host.example.com
         [...]
         Matching host key fingerprint found in DNS.
         Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?

   See the VerifyHostKeyDNS option in ssh_config(5) for more information.

SSH-BASED VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS

   ssh contains support for Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnelling using the tun(4) network pseudo-device, allowing two networks to be joined securely.  The  sshd_config(5)  configura
   tion option PermitTunnel controls whether the server supports this, and at what level (layer 2 or 3 traffic).

   The  following  example  would  connect client network 10.0.50.0/24 with remote network 10.0.99.0/24 using a point-to-point connection from 10.1.1.1 to 10.1.1.2, provided that the SSH
   server running on the gateway to the remote network, at 192.168.1.15, allows it.

   On the client:

         # ssh -f -w 0:1 192.168.1.15 true
         # ifconfig tun0 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.252
         # route add 10.0.99.0/24 10.1.1.2

   On the server:

         # ifconfig tun1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.252
         # route add 10.0.50.0/24 10.1.1.1

   Client access may be more finely tuned via the /root/.ssh/authorized_keys file (see below) and the PermitRootLogin server option.  The following  entry  would  permit  connections  on
   tun(4) device 1 from user jane and on tun device 2 from user john, if PermitRootLogin is set to forced-commands-only:

     tunnel="1",command="sh /etc/netstart tun1" ssh-rsa ... jane
     tunnel="2",command="sh /etc/netstart tun2" ssh-rsa ... john

   Since  an  SSH-based  setup  entails a fair amount of overhead, it may be more suited to temporary setups, such as for wireless VPNs.  More permanent VPNs are better provided by tools
   such as ipsecctl(8) and isakmpd(8).

ENVIRONMENT

   ssh will normally set the following environment variables:

   DISPLAY               The DISPLAY variable indicates the location of the X11 server.  It is automatically set by ssh to point to a value of the form hostname:n, where hostname in
                         dicates the host where the shell runs, and n is an integer  1.  ssh uses this special value to forward X11 connections over  the  secure  channel.   The  user
                         should  normally  not set DISPLAY explicitly, as that will render the X11 connection insecure (and will require the user to manually copy any required authoriza
                         tion cookies).

   HOME                  Set to the path of the user's home directory.

   LOGNAME               Synonym for USER; set for compatibility with systems that use this variable.

   MAIL                  Set to the path of the user's mailbox.

   PATH                  Set to the default PATH, as specified when compiling ssh.

   SSH_ASKPASS           If ssh needs a passphrase, it will read the passphrase from the current terminal if it was run from a terminal.  If ssh does not have a terminal associated  with
                         it but DISPLAY and SSH_ASKPASS are set, it will execute the program specified by SSH_ASKPASS and open an X11 window to read the passphrase.  This is particularly
                         useful  when  calling  ssh from a .xsession or related script.  (Note that on some machines it may be necessary to redirect the input from /dev/null to make this
                         work.)

   SSH_ASKPASS_REQUIRE   Allows further control over the use of an askpass program.  If this variable is set to never then ssh will never attempt to use one.  If it is set to prefer,
                         then ssh will prefer to use the askpass program instead of the TTY when requesting passwords.  Finally, if the variable is set to force, then the askpass  pro
                         gram will be used for all passphrase input regardless of whether DISPLAY is set.

   SSH_AUTH_SOCK         Identifies the path of a Unix-domain socket used to communicate with the agent.

   SSH_CONNECTION        Identifies the client and server ends of the connection.  The variable contains four space-separated values: client IP address, client port number, server IP ad
                         dress, and server port number.

   SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND  This variable contains the original command line if a forced command is executed.  It can be used to extract the original arguments.

   SSH_TTY               This  is  set  to the name of the tty (path to the device) associated with the current shell or command.  If the current session has no tty, this variable is not
                         set.

   SSH_TUNNEL            Optionally set by sshd(8) to contain the interface names assigned if tunnel forwarding was requested by the client.

   SSH_USER_AUTH         Optionally set by sshd(8), this variable may contain a pathname to a file that lists the authentication methods successfully used when  the  session  was  estab
                         lished, including any public keys that were used.

   TZ                    This variable is set to indicate the present time zone if it was set when the daemon was started (i.e. the daemon passes the value on to new connections).

   USER                  Set to the name of the user logging in.

   Additionally,  ssh reads ~/.ssh/environment, and adds lines of the format VARNAME=value to the environment if the file exists and users are allowed to change their environment.  For
   more information, see the PermitUserEnvironment option in sshd_config(5).

FILES

   ~/.rhosts
           This file is used for host-based authentication (see above).  On some machines this file may need to be world-readable if the user's home directory is on an NFS partition, be‐
           cause sshd(8) reads it as root.  Additionally, this file must be owned by the user, and must not have write permissions for anyone else.  The recommended permission  for  most
           machines is read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.

   ~/.shosts
           This file is used in exactly the same way as .rhosts, but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with rlogin/rsh.

   ~/.ssh/
           This directory is the default location for all user-specific configuration and authentication information.  There is no general requirement to keep the entire contents of this
           directory secret, but the recommended permissions are read/write/execute for the user, and not accessible by others.

   ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
           Lists  the  public keys (ECDSA, Ed25519, RSA) that can be used for logging in as this user.  The format of this file is described in the sshd(8) manual page.  This file is not
           highly sensitive, but the recommended permissions are read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.

   ~/.ssh/config
           This is the per-user configuration file.  The file format and configuration options are described in ssh_config(5).  Because of the potential for abuse, this  file  must  have
           strict permissions: read/write for the user, and not writable by others.  It may be group-writable provided that the group in question contains only the user.

   ~/.ssh/environment
           Contains additional definitions for environment variables; see “ENVIRONMENT”, above.

   ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa
   ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk
   ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
   ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk
   ~/.ssh/id_rsa
           Contains  the  private  key  for authentication.  These files contain sensitive data and should be readable by the user but not accessible by others (read/write/execute).  ssh
           will simply ignore a private key file if it is accessible by others.  It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the key which will be used to encrypt  the  sensi‐
           tive part of this file using AES-128.

   ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub
   ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk.pub
   ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
   ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk.pub
   ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
           Contains the public key for authentication.  These files are not sensitive and can (but need not) be readable by anyone.

   ~/.ssh/known_hosts
           Contains  a  list  of  host keys for all hosts the user has logged into that are not already in the systemwide list of known host keys.  See sshd(8) for further details of the
           format of this file.

   ~/.ssh/rc
           Commands in this file are executed by ssh when the user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is started.  See the sshd(8) manual page for more information.

   /etc/hosts.equiv
           This file is for host-based authentication (see above).  It should only be writable by root.

   /etc/ssh/shosts.equiv
           This file is used in exactly the same way as hosts.equiv, but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with rlogin/rsh.

   /etc/ssh/ssh_config
           Systemwide configuration file.  The file format and configuration options are described in ssh_config(5).

   /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key
   /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
   /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
           These files contain the private parts of the host keys and are used for host-based authentication.

   /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
           Systemwide list of known host keys.  This file should be prepared by the system administrator to contain the public host keys of all machines in the organization.   It  should
           be world-readable.  See sshd(8) for further details of the format of this file.

   /etc/ssh/sshrc
           Commands in this file are executed by ssh when the user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is started.  See the sshd(8) manual page for more information.

EXIT STATUS

   ssh exits with the exit status of the remote command or with 255 if an error occurred.

SEE ALSO

   scp(1), sftp(1), ssh-add(1), ssh-agent(1), ssh-argv0(1), ssh-keygen(1), ssh-keyscan(1), tun(4), ssh_config(5), ssh-keysign(8), sshd(8)

STANDARDS

   S. Lehtinen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Assigned Numbers, RFC 4250, January 2006.

   T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture, RFC 4251, January 2006.

   T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol, RFC 4252, January 2006.

   T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4253, January 2006.

   T. Ylonen and C. Lonvick, The Secure Shell (SSH) Connection Protocol, RFC 4254, January 2006.

   J. Schlyter and W. Griffin, Using DNS to Securely Publish Secure Shell (SSH) Key Fingerprints, RFC 4255, January 2006.

   F. Cusack and M. Forssen, Generic Message Exchange Authentication for the Secure Shell Protocol (SSH), RFC 4256, January 2006.

   J. Galbraith and P. Remaker, The Secure Shell (SSH) Session Channel Break Extension, RFC 4335, January 2006.

   M. Bellare, T. Kohno, and C. Namprempre, The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Encryption Modes, RFC 4344, January 2006.

   B. Harris, Improved Arcfour Modes for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4345, January 2006.

   M. Friedl, N. Provos, and W. Simpson, Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4419, March 2006.

   J. Galbraith and R. Thayer, The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File Format, RFC 4716, November 2006.

   D. Stebila and J. Green, Elliptic Curve Algorithm Integration in the Secure Shell Transport Layer, RFC 5656, December 2009.

   A. Perrig and D. Song, Hash Visualization: a New Technique to improve Real-World Security, 1999, International Workshop on Cryptographic Techniques and E-Commerce (CrypTEC '99).

AUTHORS

   OpenSSH  is  a  derivative  of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.  Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt and Dug Song removed many
   bugs, re-added newer features and created OpenSSH.  Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.

Debian December 4, 2024 SSH(1)